|
Maya Mikhaylovna Plisetskaya (; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress, who held Spanish and Lithuanian citizenship.〔(Maya Plisetskaya profilke ), viola.bz; accessed 2 May 2015.〕〔(Plisetskaya and Shchedrin settle in Lithuania ), upi.com; accessed 4 May 2015.〕〔(Two greats of world ballet win Spanish Nobels ), expatica.com; accessed 4 May 2015.〕 She danced during the Soviet era at the same time as Galina Ulanova, another famed Russian ballerina. In 1960 she ascended to Ulanova's former title as prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi. Plisetskaya studied ballet from age nine and first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. She joined the Bolshoi Ballet company when she was eighteen, quickly rising to become their leading soloist. Her early years were also marked by political repression, however, partly because her family was Jewish.〔 She was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after joining the Bolshoi. During those years, her fame as a national ballerina was used to project the Soviet Union's achievements during the Cold War. Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who lifted her travel ban in 1959, considered her "not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world."〔 As a member of the Bolshoi until 1990, her skill as a dancer changed the world of ballet, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. As a soloist, Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including Moiseyev’s ''Spartacus'' (1958); Grigorovich’s ''The Stone Flower'' (1959); Aurora in Grigorovich’s ''The Sleeping Beauty'' (1963); Alberto Alonso’s ''Carmen Suite'' (1967), written especially for her; and Maurice Bejart’s ''Isadora'' (1976). Among her most acclaimed roles was Odette-Odile in ''Swan Lake'' (1947). A fellow dancer stated that her dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, "helped confirm her as a legend, and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire." Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the scores to a number of her ballets. Having become “an international superstar” and a continuous “box office hit throughout the world,” Plisetskaya was treated by the Soviet Union as a favored cultural emissary. Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, Plisetskaya always refused to defect. Beginning in 1994, she presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called ''Maya'', and in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1991 she published her autobiography, ''I, Maya Plisetskaya''.〔("Maya Plisetskaya, ballerina - obituary" ), ''Telegraph'', May 4, 2015〕 ==Early life== Plisetskaya was born on 20 November 1925, in Moscow,〔''Current Biography Yearbook'', H. W. Wilson Co., 1964, p. 331.〕 into a prominent family of Lithuanian Jewish descent, most of whom were involved in the theater or film. Her mother, Rachel Messerer-Plisetskaya, was a silent-film actress. Dancer Asaf Messerer was a maternal uncle and Bolshoi ballerina Sulamith Messerer was a maternal aunt. Her father, Mikhail Plisetski (Misha), was a diplomat, engineer and mine director, and not involved in the arts, although he was a fan of ballet.〔Popovich, Irina. ("Maya Plisetskaya: A Balletic Lethal Weapon" ), ''The Russia Journal'', Issue 10, May 1999.〕 Her brother Alexander Plisetski became a famous choreographer, and her niece Anna Plisetskaya would also become a ballerina. In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges, during which tens of thousands of people were murdered.〔("Maya Plisetskaya: Ballerina whose charisma and talent helped her fight the Soviet authorities and achieve international fame" ), ''The Independent'', U.K. 5 May 2015〕 According to ballet scholar Jennifer Homans, her father was a committed Communist, and had earlier been "proclaimed a national hero for his work on behalf of the Soviet coal industry."〔 Soviet leader Vyacheslav Molotov presented him with one of the Soviet Union's first manufactured cars. Her mother was arrested soon after and sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan for the next three years.〔They were sent to ALZHIR camp, a Russian acronym for the Akmolinskii Camp for Wives of Traitors of the Motherland, "enemies of the people" () near Akmolinsk〕 Maya and her seven-month-old baby brother were taken in by their maternal aunt, ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until their mother was released in 1941. During the years without her parents, and barely a teenager, Plisetskaya "faced terror, war, and dislocation," writes Homans. As a result, “Maya took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theater.”〔Homans, Jennifer. ''Apollo’s Angels: A History of Ballet'', Random House (2010) pp. 383-386〕 As her father was stationed at Spitzbergen to supervise the coalmines in Barentsburg she stayed there for four years with her family, from 1932 to 1936.〔''Dagens Næringsliv'', the article "Svanens død" (english: "Death of the swan", p. 19, 9th May 2015〕 She next studied under the great ballerina of imperial school, Elizaveta Gerdt. She first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. In 1943, at the age of eighteen, Plisetskaya graduated from the choreographic school. She joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she performed until 1990.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maya Plisetskaya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|